Understanding Male Infertility
While in vitro fertilization (IVF) is often associated with female infertility, male partners play a pivotal role in determining success. Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. 15% of couples suffer from infertility, and a third of cases are secondary to male reproductive issues. Male infertility can have numerous causes, but in about 50% of cases, the cause is indeterminable. High-risk males include those with endocrine disorders, testicular injury, undescended testicles, toxic chemical exposure, and the use of anabolic steroids or testosterone. Reproductive health in males hinges on 3 essential factors. Discover the aspects of male fertility that can impact IVF success rates.
1. Sperm count matters
The number of sperm present in a semen sample, known as sperm count, is significant in male fertility. A low sperm count, or oligospermia, can limit the chances that sperm are able to reach and fertilize an egg, thereby reducing the overall chances of pregnancy. Recommendations to improve sperm counts include reducing alcohol consumption and tobacco use, maintaining a healthy weight, reducing stress, and avoiding overheating the testicles by limiting hot tubs and sauna use.
2. Structure affects function
Any type of blockage or ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) in the male reproductive tract can prevent the flow of semen out of the urethra. Infections caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can cause inflammation and scarring, inhibiting normal flow. Often, people with STDs are asymptomatic, which requires regular screening in high-risk individuals to prevent complications like infertility. Scarring of the genital tract can also occur from previous surgery like a vasectomy, kidney stones, and genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis.
3. Sperm shape affects success
The shape and structure of sperm or the morphology are equally important. Teratospermia defines the presence of a larger percentage of abnormally shaped sperm in a given semen sample. Several medical conditions can impact morphology, which include STDs, hormonal imbalances, and structural venous abnormalities like a varicocele.
The impact of dietary choices
Lifestyle factors significantly affect male fertility. For example, a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can improve sperm quality and concentration. Certain foods are important to avoid when sperm quality is an issue. Processed meats and vegetables exposed to pesticides and bisphenol A (BPA) are found in plastic water bottles and containers. Look for BPA-free products and food labeled organic to limit exposure. Overindulgence in trans fats and high-fat dairy items should be avoided.
Optimizing male fertility
The proper function of the male reproductive system is essential for IVF success. Low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology, and structural abnormalities are key factors in male infertility. Lifestyle and dietary choices also are critical contributors. By recognizing these components and addressing treatment options with a healthcare IVF specialist, couples can increase the chances of a successful pregnancy.
